Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) refers to a measurement of the power of a received radio signal, and it is usually expressed in decibels relative to a milliwatt (dBm) from zero to -120dBm and the closer it is to zero, the stronger the signal is. This work represents an extensive analysis of RSSI of signals sampled from an operational E-Band wireless communication network. The data...
We present the results of three pilot studies for high-resolution rainfall monitoring using CML networks over Nigeria, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh in collaboration with local gsm operators. We focus in particular on several densely populated urban areas with high link network density. We also discuss some of the challenges and opportunities regarding continental-scale rainfall monitoring using...
Developing tools for reliable spatial mapping of fog with limited effort and low implementation costs is desirable. Commercial microwave links (CMLs) that form the infrastructure for data transmission between cellular base stations have been proven to be most useful for weather monitors including fog and in particular, rainfall sensing . Previous work had demonstrated the ability to generate...
We present a novel method of using two or three collocated microwave link instruments to estimate the three parameters of a gamma raindrop size distribution (DSD) model. This allows path-average DSD measurements over a path length of several kilometers as opposed to the point measurements of conventional disdrometers. Our model is validated in a round-trip manner using simulated DSD fields as...
Rainfall and its spatiotemporal variation are essential for many operational and research applications in Kenya. However, the existing meteorological infrastructure in Kenya is poorly suited for adequate rainfall monitoring. Here, we present the commercial microwave link (CML) data from Kenya and highlight the opportunity that lies in the combination of CMLs and MSG data for rainfall...
Most studies represent the rainfall measured by a CML as a single Virtual Rain Gauge (VRG) in the center of the CML path. We compare the 2-D rain retrieval performances of IDW-based spatial interpolation methods, where CMLs are represented either by one or multiple VRGs. A synthetic rain field was produced sampled by a synthetic CML network. If the size of a rain-cell is sufficiently larger...
The Cramér–Rao bound (CRB), a common measure of performance estimation, which expresses
a lower bound on the variance of unbiased estimators of an unknown parameter,
represents the case of estimating “no rain” by R ̂=0, i.e. one step estimation.
Commonly, rain estimation is performed in two steps:
- Detection, model selection
- Estimation of selected model parameters
We propose a...
Accurate rainfall monitoring is important, and Rain Rate Retrieval Test from 25 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38 GHz Millimeter-wave Link Measurement in Beijing Congzheng Han, Yongheng Bi, Shu Duan, and Gaopeng Lupreviously it has been shown that microwave backhaul link between adjacent base station towers can be used for rainfall estimation. However, with deployment of 5G using millimeter technology,...
In this study, we present the first evaluation study of rainfall retrieval using commercial microwave link data for the oceanic temperate climate using one year of received signal level data collected from 115 microwave links (recorded at 15-minutes interval with minimum, maximum and average sampling strategy). The open-source package RAINLINK was applied to retrieve the rainfall intensities...
The humidity in the atmosphere has a crucial role in a wide range of atmospheric processes determined by the water vapor concentration in the air. The accuracy of weather forecasts, especially the prediction of rain, is largely determined by the humidity field measured at low atmospheric levels, where most of the atmospheric water sinks and sources. At this level, the absolute humidity...
